2.1. Social Enterprises (S.E)
This literature research on social entrepreneurship is largely reviewed and adopted from past literature by Dr. Benjamin Huybrechts and Dr. Alex Nicol [1] on their contribution to social entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise literatures.
2.1.1. Social Entrepreneurship as social enterprise driver
Social entrepreneurship has become a fashionable construct in recent years. Often evidenced by success stories across the world in diverse fields (health, education, finance, culture, etc.), the concept has become increasingly evident in commercial markets, academic discourses and policy making [i](Boschee 2006; Light 2008[ii]; Nicholls 2006b)[iii]. Besides transforming extant markets, social entrepreneurship has also been instrumental in creating new markets and market niches, with initiatives such as fair trade (Huybrechts forthcoming [iv]; Nicholls 2010a) and microfinance (Armendáriz de Aghion & Morduch 2005[v].; Battilana & Dorado 2010[vi]) The latter field has regularly been cited as a flagship of social entrepreneurship, especially since the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Grameen Bank and its founder Mohammad Yunus in 2006.
Nearly absent in academic research until the end of the 1990s, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise have become an important research area since then (Dacin et al. 2010;[vii] Fayolle & Matlay 2010[viii]; Short et al. 2009[ix]), with a growing number of articles and books devoted to the issue, reaching over 25 books and 75 articles.[2] Special issues of several journals have focused on social entrepreneurship and at least two journals have been created especially to deal with this and the closely related issues.[3]
Despite the widespread acknowledgement that social entrepreneurship and social enterprise remain highly contextual and contestable notions which can be interpreted in various ways depending on the ideology and the goals of the institutions championing them (Dart 2004[x]; Dey & Steyaert 2010[xi]; Nicholls 2010c), there are common features upon which most scholars and commentators can agree.
[1] Dr. Benjamin Huybrechts is an Assistant Professor at HEC Management School, University of Liege (Belgium). He is the holder of the SRIW-Sowecsom Chair in Social Enterprise Management.
Dr. Alex Nicholls, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford Dr Alex Nicholls is University Lecturer in Social Entrepreneurship within the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.
[2] In an Internet search through EBSCO and Google Scholar in March 2011, 75 articles and 23 books comprising the term “social entrepreneurship” were identified.
[3] The Social Enterprise Journal (Emerald) and The Journal of Social Entrepreneurship (Routledge)
1. [i] Boschee, J. (2006), “Social Entrepreneurship: The Promise and the Perils”, in A. Nicholls (Ed.) Social Entrepreneurship. New Models of Sustainable Social Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 356-390.
2. [ii]Light, P. (2008), The Search For Social Entrepreneurship, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
3. [iii] Nicholls, A. (Ed.) (2006b), Social Entrepreneurship. New Models of Sustainable Social Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. [iv] Nicholls, A. (2010a), “Fair Trade: Towards an Economics of Virtue”, Journal of Business Ethics, 92:0, 241-255.
5. [v] Armendáriz de Aghion, B. & Morduch, J. (2005), The Economics of Microfinance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, London.
6. [vi] Battilana, J. & Dorado, S. (2010), “Building sustainable hybrid organizations: the case of commercial microfinance organizations”, Academy of Management Journal, 53:6, 1419-1440.
7. [vii] Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T. & Matear, M. (2010), “Social Entrepreneurship: Why We Don't Need a New Theory and How We Move Forward From Here”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 24:3, 37-57.
8. [viii] Fayolle, A. & Matlay, H. (Eds.) (2010), Handbook of Research on Social Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
9. [ix] Short, J., Moss, T. & Lumpkin, G. (2009), “Research in Social Entrepreneurship: Past Contributions and Future Opportunities”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3, 161-194.
10. [x] Dart, R. (2004), “The legitimacy of social enterprise”, Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 14:4, 411-424.
11. [xi] Dey, P. & Steyaert, C. (2010), “The politics of narrating social entrepreneurship”, Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 4:1, 85-108.
This literature research on social entrepreneurship is largely reviewed and adopted from past literature by Dr. Benjamin Huybrechts and Dr. Alex Nicol [1] on their contribution to social entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise literatures.
2.1.1. Social Entrepreneurship as social enterprise driver
Social entrepreneurship has become a fashionable construct in recent years. Often evidenced by success stories across the world in diverse fields (health, education, finance, culture, etc.), the concept has become increasingly evident in commercial markets, academic discourses and policy making [i](Boschee 2006; Light 2008[ii]; Nicholls 2006b)[iii]. Besides transforming extant markets, social entrepreneurship has also been instrumental in creating new markets and market niches, with initiatives such as fair trade (Huybrechts forthcoming [iv]; Nicholls 2010a) and microfinance (Armendáriz de Aghion & Morduch 2005[v].; Battilana & Dorado 2010[vi]) The latter field has regularly been cited as a flagship of social entrepreneurship, especially since the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Grameen Bank and its founder Mohammad Yunus in 2006.
Nearly absent in academic research until the end of the 1990s, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise have become an important research area since then (Dacin et al. 2010;[vii] Fayolle & Matlay 2010[viii]; Short et al. 2009[ix]), with a growing number of articles and books devoted to the issue, reaching over 25 books and 75 articles.[2] Special issues of several journals have focused on social entrepreneurship and at least two journals have been created especially to deal with this and the closely related issues.[3]
Despite the widespread acknowledgement that social entrepreneurship and social enterprise remain highly contextual and contestable notions which can be interpreted in various ways depending on the ideology and the goals of the institutions championing them (Dart 2004[x]; Dey & Steyaert 2010[xi]; Nicholls 2010c), there are common features upon which most scholars and commentators can agree.
[1] Dr. Benjamin Huybrechts is an Assistant Professor at HEC Management School, University of Liege (Belgium). He is the holder of the SRIW-Sowecsom Chair in Social Enterprise Management.
Dr. Alex Nicholls, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford Dr Alex Nicholls is University Lecturer in Social Entrepreneurship within the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at the Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.
[2] In an Internet search through EBSCO and Google Scholar in March 2011, 75 articles and 23 books comprising the term “social entrepreneurship” were identified.
[3] The Social Enterprise Journal (Emerald) and The Journal of Social Entrepreneurship (Routledge)
1. [i] Boschee, J. (2006), “Social Entrepreneurship: The Promise and the Perils”, in A. Nicholls (Ed.) Social Entrepreneurship. New Models of Sustainable Social Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 356-390.
2. [ii]Light, P. (2008), The Search For Social Entrepreneurship, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
3. [iii] Nicholls, A. (Ed.) (2006b), Social Entrepreneurship. New Models of Sustainable Social Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. [iv] Nicholls, A. (2010a), “Fair Trade: Towards an Economics of Virtue”, Journal of Business Ethics, 92:0, 241-255.
5. [v] Armendáriz de Aghion, B. & Morduch, J. (2005), The Economics of Microfinance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, London.
6. [vi] Battilana, J. & Dorado, S. (2010), “Building sustainable hybrid organizations: the case of commercial microfinance organizations”, Academy of Management Journal, 53:6, 1419-1440.
7. [vii] Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T. & Matear, M. (2010), “Social Entrepreneurship: Why We Don't Need a New Theory and How We Move Forward From Here”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 24:3, 37-57.
8. [viii] Fayolle, A. & Matlay, H. (Eds.) (2010), Handbook of Research on Social Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
9. [ix] Short, J., Moss, T. & Lumpkin, G. (2009), “Research in Social Entrepreneurship: Past Contributions and Future Opportunities”, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3, 161-194.
10. [x] Dart, R. (2004), “The legitimacy of social enterprise”, Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 14:4, 411-424.
11. [xi] Dey, P. & Steyaert, C. (2010), “The politics of narrating social entrepreneurship”, Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 4:1, 85-108.